[
  {
    "id": "a4e-doppelganger-poland-2025",
    "type": "research",
    "title": {
      "en": "Illegal Doppelganger operation: targeting the Polish elections"
    },
    "issuer": "Alliance4Europe (with Debunk.org, ISD, NASK)",
    "date": "2025-04-17",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Documented a Doppelganger operation appropriating the branding of legitimate Polish outlets on X to push anti-EU and anti-Ukraine narratives, attributed to Russia’s EU-sanctioned Social Design Agency."
    },
    "url": "https://alliance4europe.eu/doppelganger-poland-elections/",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260420070204/https://alliance4europe.eu/doppelganger-poland-elections",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "andrews-dsouza-opinion-2025",
    "type": "court-ruling",
    "title": {
      "en": "Andrews v. D’Souza — opinion and order on summary judgment"
    },
    "issuer": "U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia",
    "date": "2025-09-30",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The court found the “ballot mule” statements about the plaintiff false and defamatory, noting the defendants admitted they never had evidence he was paid to deposit ballots and never even geotracked his phone."
    },
    "url": "https://www.democracydocket.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/337-2025-09-30-Opinion-and-order.pdf",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251214045737/https://www.democracydocket.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/337-2025-09-30-Opinion-and-order.pdf",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "barr-no-fraud-2020",
    "type": "journalism",
    "title": {
      "en": "Barr: Justice Department found no evidence of fraud that would change election outcome"
    },
    "issuer": "PBS NewsHour (Associated Press)",
    "date": "2020-12-01",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Attorney General William Barr said the DOJ and FBI had not seen fraud on a scale that could have changed the outcome of the 2020 election."
    },
    "url": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/barr-says-justice-department-found-no-evidence-of-fraud-that-would-change-election-outcome",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260719163211/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/barr-says-justice-department-found-no-evidence-of-fraud-that-would-change-election-outcome",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "belta-belarus-result-2020",
    "type": "journalism",
    "title": {
      "en": "Belarus presidential election results finalized"
    },
    "issuer": "BelTA (Belarusian state news agency)",
    "date": "2020-08-14",
    "jurisdiction": "Belarus",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The Central Election Commission announced final results of Lukashenko 80.1% and Tsikhanouskaya 10.12% on a reported turnout of 84.28% — the state’s own announced figures."
    },
    "url": "https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/belarus-presidential-election-results-finalized-132578-2020/",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260321153437/https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/belarus-presidential-election-results-finalized-132578-2020/",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ccr-romania-32-2024",
    "type": "court-ruling",
    "title": {
      "en": "Constitutional Court of Romania, Decision No. 32/2024 (annulment)"
    },
    "issuer": "Constitutional Court of Romania (CCR)",
    "date": "2024-12-06",
    "jurisdiction": "Romania",
    "language": "ro",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The Constitutional Court, acting ex officio, annulled the entire first round of the 24 November 2024 presidential election and ordered the process restarted."
    },
    "url": "https://www.ccr.ro/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RULING-No-32-2024.pdf",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250625110805/https://ccr.ro/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/RULING-No-32-2024.pdf",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "cec-moldova-2024",
    "type": "dataset",
    "title": {
      "en": "Official results, 2024 Moldovan presidential election and referendum"
    },
    "issuer": "Central Electoral Commission of Moldova (CEC)",
    "date": "2024-11-03",
    "jurisdiction": "Moldova",
    "language": "ro",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The official results of the Central Electoral Commission for the 2024 Moldovan presidential election and EU-accession referendum."
    },
    "url": "https://a.cec.md/en/presidential-elections-2024-3350.html",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "cisa-icsa-dominion-2022",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Advisory ICSA-22-154-01: Vulnerabilities affecting Dominion ImageCast X"
    },
    "issuer": "U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA)",
    "date": "2022-06-03",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "CISA identified real vulnerabilities in the Dominion ImageCast X device but stated it had no evidence they were exploited in any election and that exploitation would require physical access."
    },
    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-22-154-01",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260716115127/https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-22-154-01",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "license": "us-public-domain",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "cisa-most-secure-2020",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Joint Statement: 2020 election “the most secure in American history”"
    },
    "issuer": "U.S. Election Infrastructure Government & Sector Coordinating Councils (incl. CISA)",
    "date": "2020-11-12",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The federal election-security community stated there is no evidence that any voting system deleted or lost votes, changed votes, or was compromised, and called the 2020 election the most secure in American history."
    },
    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/joint-statement-elections-infrastructure-government-coordinating-council-election-infrastructure",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260711231238/https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/joint-statement-elections-infrastructure-government-coordinating-council-election-infrastructure",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "license": "us-public-domain",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "concord-dismissal-2020",
    "type": "journalism",
    "title": {
      "en": "U.S. drops case against Russian firm accused of 2016 vote meddling"
    },
    "issuer": "Al Jazeera",
    "date": "2020-03-17",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "In March 2020 the Justice Department moved to dismiss charges against Concord Management, the only IRA-case defendant to appear in court; the dismissal was a prosecutorial decision, not an acquittal, and charges against the other defendants remain on file."
    },
    "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/17/us-drops-case-against-russian-firm-accused-of-2016-vote-meddling",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251108003349/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/17/us-drops-case-against-russian-firm-accused-of-2016-vote-meddling",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "delaware-dominion-opinion-2025",
    "type": "court-ruling",
    "title": {
      "en": "US Dominion, Inc. v. Newsmax Media, Inc. — opinion on summary judgment"
    },
    "issuer": "Superior Court of the State of Delaware",
    "date": "2025-04-09",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The court granted Dominion summary judgment that vote-manipulation statements were false, recounting the earlier Fox ruling that none of the 2020 Dominion claims were true and quoting Newsmax’s own on-record clarification."
    },
    "url": "https://courts.delaware.gov/Opinions/Download.aspx?id=377980",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "dfrlab-moldova-2024",
    "type": "research",
    "title": {
      "en": "Malign interference in Moldova ahead of the presidential election and European referendum"
    },
    "issuer": "Atlantic Council Digital Forensic Research Lab (DFRLab)",
    "date": "2024-10-18",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Documented the Shor-network vote-buying operation moving money via the sanctioned Russian bank Promsvyazbank, a Meta takedown of a coordinated inauthentic network, and forged official letters — while noting Kremlin command was inferred rather than proven."
    },
    "url": "https://dfrlab.org/2024/10/18/malign-interference-moldova/",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260510224222/https://dfrlab.org/2024/10/18/malign-interference-moldova/",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "disinfolab-doppelganger-2022",
    "type": "research",
    "title": {
      "en": "Doppelganger — media clones serving Russian propaganda"
    },
    "issuer": "EU DisinfoLab (with Qurium)",
    "date": "2022-09-27",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The report that first named “Doppelganger,” documenting cloned European media websites; it explicitly did not make a formal attribution at the time and could not exclude a false flag."
    },
    "url": "https://www.disinfo.eu/doppelganger/",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260624131522/https://www.disinfo.eu/doppelganger/",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "doj-doppelganger-2024",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Justice Department disrupts covert Russian government-sponsored foreign malign influence operation"
    },
    "issuer": "U.S. Department of Justice",
    "date": "2024-09-04",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Announced the seizure of 32 domains used in the Doppelganger campaign, naming Social Design Agency, Structura and ANO Dialog and describing direction by the Russian Presidential Administration; a concurrent Treasury action designated 10 individuals and two entities."
    },
    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-disrupts-covert-russian-government-sponsored-foreign-malign-influence",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250206083603/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-disrupts-covert-russian-government-sponsored-foreign-malign-influence",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "license": "us-public-domain",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ec-tiktok-dsa-2024",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Commission opens formal proceedings against TikTok on election risks under the Digital Services Act"
    },
    "issuer": "European Commission",
    "date": "2024-12-17",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The European Commission opened DSA proceedings against TikTok over the mitigation of systemic risks to election integrity in connection with the Romanian presidential election."
    },
    "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-opens-formal-proceedings-against-tiktok-election-risks-under-digital-services-act",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260710075704/https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-opens-formal-proceedings-against-tiktok-election-risks-under-digital-services-act",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "eeas-doppelganger-ep-2024",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Doppelganger strikes back: FIMI activities targeting the European Parliament elections"
    },
    "issuer": "European External Action Service (EEAS) / EUvsDisinfo",
    "date": "2024-06-19",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Documented Doppelganger activity targeting the 2024 European Parliament elections and concluded the campaign did not cause significant disruption to the electoral process or pose a substantial threat to the voting process."
    },
    "url": "https://euvsdisinfo.eu/doppelganger-strikes-back-unveiling-fimi-activities-targeting-european-parliament-elections/",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251112223700/https://euvsdisinfo.eu/doppelganger-strikes-back-unveiling-fimi-activities-targeting-european-parliament-elections/",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "eeas-moldova-2024",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Moldova: EU joint statement on the second round of the presidential election"
    },
    "issuer": "European External Action Service (EEAS)",
    "date": "2024-11-04",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The EU condemned unprecedented interference by Russia, including vote-buying schemes and disinformation, and congratulated Maia Sandu on re-election."
    },
    "url": "https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/moldova-joint-statement-high-representative-josep-borrell-and-european-commission-second-round_en",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250808035425/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/moldova-joint-statement-high-representative-josep-borrell-and-european-commission-second-round_en",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ep-belarus-2020",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "European Parliament resolution rejecting the 2020 Belarus election results"
    },
    "issuer": "European Parliament",
    "date": "2020-09-17",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The European Parliament (574–37–82) rejected the official results as conducted in flagrant violation of international standards and stated it would no longer recognize Lukashenko as president after his term expired."
    },
    "url": "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200910IPR86829/meps-call-for-eu-sanctions-against-belarusian-president-and-navalny-s-poisoners",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260427063024/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200910IPR86829/meps-call-for-eu-sanctions-against-belarusian-president-and-navalny-s-poisoners",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "eu-council-hybrid-2024",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Russian hybrid threats: EU agrees first listings, targeting the Doppelganger campaign"
    },
    "issuer": "Council of the European Union",
    "date": "2024-12-16",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The Council adopted its first listings under the Russian-hybrid-threats sanctions framework, explicitly targeting the Doppelganger campaign and sanctioning an Office-of-the-President official and the founder of Struktura."
    },
    "url": "https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/12/16/russian-hybrid-threats-eu-agrees-first-listings-in-response-to-destabilising-activities-against-the-eu-its-member-states-and-partners/",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260427070447/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/12/16/russian-hybrid-threats-eu-agrees-first-listings-in-response-to-destabilising-activities-against-the-eu-its-member-states-and-partners/",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "factcheck-2000mules-2022",
    "type": "research",
    "title": {
      "en": "Evidence gaps in “2000 Mules”"
    },
    "issuer": "FactCheck.org (Annenberg Public Policy Center)",
    "date": "2022-06-10",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Found the film’s cellphone-geolocation method too imprecise to prove ballot deposits, cited Georgia drop-box videos showing legal deposits, and noted the state investigation did not reach probable cause."
    },
    "url": "https://www.factcheck.org/2022/06/evidence-gaps-in-2000-mules/",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260702085243/https://www.factcheck.org/2022/06/evidence-gaps-in-2000-mules/",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "fb-testimony-2017",
    "type": "journalism",
    "title": {
      "en": "Facebook and Twitter testimony on Russian-linked content reaching up to 126 million users"
    },
    "issuer": "ABC News (reporting prepared Senate testimony)",
    "date": "2017-10-30",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Platform testimony estimated IRA content potentially reached up to ~126 million users and that Twitter identified 2,752 IRA-linked accounts — figures that measure potential exposure, not persuasion or votes changed."
    },
    "url": "https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/facebook-congress-russian-linked-content-reached-126-million/story?id=50821650",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250823162319/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/facebook-congress-russian-linked-content-reached-126-million/story?id=50821650",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "fec-2016-results",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Official 2016 U.S. presidential election results"
    },
    "issuer": "U.S. Federal Election Commission",
    "date": "2017-01",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The FEC compilation of official, certified results of the 2016 U.S. presidential election."
    },
    "url": "https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections2016.pdf",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260714135940/https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections2016.pdf",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "license": "us-public-domain",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "fec-2020-results",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Official 2020 U.S. presidential election results"
    },
    "issuer": "U.S. Federal Election Commission",
    "date": "2021-01",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The FEC compilation of official, certified results of the 2020 U.S. presidential election."
    },
    "url": "https://www.fec.gov/introduction-campaign-finance/election-results-and-voting-information/",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260717145346/https://www.fec.gov/introduction-campaign-finance/election-results-and-voting-information/",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "license": "us-public-domain",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "fox-dominion-settlement-2023",
    "type": "journalism",
    "title": {
      "en": "Fox News settles defamation lawsuit with Dominion for $787.5 million"
    },
    "issuer": "NPR",
    "date": "2023-04-18",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Fox News agreed to pay $787.5 million to settle Dominion’s defamation suit over false claims that the company switched votes — the largest known U.S. media defamation settlement."
    },
    "url": "https://www.npr.org/2023/04/18/1170339114/fox-news-settles-blockbuster-defamation-lawsuit-with-dominion-voting-systems",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260502030717/https://www.npr.org/2023/04/18/1170339114/fox-news-settles-blockbuster-defamation-lawsuit-with-dominion-voting-systems",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ga-hand-audit-2020",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Historic first statewide audit of paper ballots upholds result of presidential race"
    },
    "issuer": "Georgia Secretary of State",
    "date": "2020-11-19",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "A full statewide manual hand audit reaffirmed the machine tally and Biden’s lead in Georgia, with the largest single-county deviation at 0.73%, within normal hand-count error."
    },
    "url": "https://sos.ga.gov/news/historic-first-statewide-audit-paper-ballots-upholds-result-presidential-race",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260703015210/https://sos.ga.gov/news/historic-first-statewide-audit-paper-ballots-upholds-result-presidential-race",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "gru-indictment-2018",
    "type": "indictment",
    "title": {
      "en": "United States v. Netyksho et al. (GRU indictment)"
    },
    "issuer": "U.S. Department of Justice / Office of the Special Counsel",
    "date": "2018-07-13",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Charged 12 GRU military-intelligence officers (Units 26165 and 74455) with hacking the DNC, DCCC and Clinton-campaign accounts, staging releases via Guccifer 2.0 and DCLeaks, and (Count 11) targeting state election administration systems."
    },
    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/archives/sco/file/1080281/download",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260525210852/https://www.justice.gov/archives/sco/file/1080281/download",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "license": "us-public-domain",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ica-2017",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections (ICA 2017-01D)"
    },
    "issuer": "U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence",
    "date": "2017-01-06",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The declassified Intelligence Community Assessment judged that President Putin ordered an influence campaign targeting the 2016 election, and recorded DHS’s assessment that the systems Russian actors targeted were not involved in vote tallying; the IC made no assessment of the campaign’s impact on the outcome."
    },
    "url": "https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "license": "us-public-domain",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ira-indictment-2018",
    "type": "indictment",
    "title": {
      "en": "United States v. Internet Research Agency LLC et al. (indictment)"
    },
    "issuer": "U.S. Department of Justice / Office of the Special Counsel",
    "date": "2018-02-16",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "A federal grand jury charged the Internet Research Agency, two Concord entities and 13 Russian nationals with conspiracy to defraud the United States by interfering with the 2016 election through social media; the indictment makes no claim that the activity altered the outcome."
    },
    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/file/1035477/download",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240315011338/https://www.justice.gov/file/1035477/download",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "license": "us-public-domain",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "mi-antrim-audit-2020",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Hand audit of all presidential votes in Antrim County confirms machines were accurate"
    },
    "issuer": "Michigan Department of State",
    "date": "2020-12-17",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "A zero-margin hand audit of every presidential ballot in Antrim County confirmed the Dominion machines tabulated accurately; the earlier reported discrepancy was human reporting error, not a tabulation error."
    },
    "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/sos/resources/news/2020/12/17/hand-tally-of-antrim-county-results-confirms-accuracy-of-tabulators",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "moscowtimes-moldova-2024",
    "type": "journalism",
    "title": {
      "en": "Moldova uncovers “unprecedented” pro-Russia vote rigging"
    },
    "issuer": "The Moscow Times",
    "date": "2024-10-03",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Reported Moldovan police allegations that roughly $15 million was transferred to more than 100,000 voters in a vote-buying scheme ahead of the October 2024 vote."
    },
    "url": "https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/10/03/moldova-uncovers-unprecedented-pro-russia-vote-rigging-a86567",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260315153318/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/10/03/moldova-uncovers-unprecedented-pro-russia-vote-rigging-a86567",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "mueller-report",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election (Mueller Report)"
    },
    "issuer": "U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Special Counsel",
    "date": "2019-04-18",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Found that Russia interfered in the 2016 election “in sweeping and systematic fashion” via an IRA social-media operation and GRU hack-and-leak operations, and that the investigation did not establish that the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government."
    },
    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/archives/sco/file/1373816/download",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260719154901/https://www.justice.gov/archives/sco/file/1373816/download",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "license": "us-public-domain",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "nask-ads-2025",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "NASK statement on an attempted interference in the presidential campaign"
    },
    "issuer": "NASK (National Research Institute)",
    "date": "2025-05-15",
    "jurisdiction": "Poland",
    "language": "pl",
    "summary": {
      "en": "NASK reported detecting unlabeled political advertisements on Facebook that may have been financed from abroad, asked Meta to halt them, and referred the matter to Poland’s Internal Security Agency (ABW)."
    },
    "url": "https://www.nask.pl/pl/aktualnosci/9600,Oswiadczenie-NASK-w-sprawie-proby-ingerencji-w-kampanie-wyborcza.html",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "nfp-pl-validity-2025",
    "type": "journalism",
    "title": {
      "en": "Disputed Supreme Court chamber confirms Polish presidential election result"
    },
    "issuer": "Notes From Poland",
    "date": "2025-07-01",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Reported exact vote counts, the 21 irregularities found immaterial to the result, the justice minister’s recount request, and the contested legitimacy of the validating Supreme Court chamber."
    },
    "url": "https://notesfrompoland.com/2025/07/01/disputed-supreme-court-chamber-confirms-polish-presidential-election-result/",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260518032638/https://notesfrompoland.com/2025/07/01/disputed-supreme-court-chamber-confirms-polish-presidential-election-result/",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "odihr-austria-2016",
    "type": "observer-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Austria, presidential election repeat second round — OSCE/ODIHR final report"
    },
    "issuer": "OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)",
    "date": "2017-03-17",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Assessed the 4 December 2016 repeat run-off as professionally and efficiently administered, providing a sound basis for democratic elections, with recommendations to strengthen postal voting."
    },
    "url": "https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/austria/305751",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "odihr-moldova-2024",
    "type": "observer-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Moldova, presidential election and referendum 2024 — ODIHR final report"
    },
    "issuer": "OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)",
    "date": "2025-03-14",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Concluded both presidential rounds and the referendum were well managed and that contestants campaigned freely despite illicit foreign interference and active disinformation efforts."
    },
    "url": "https://odihr.osce.org/odihr/elections/moldova/588014",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260509172837/https://odihr.osce.org/odihr/elections/moldova/588014",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "odihr-poland-2025",
    "type": "observer-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Poland, presidential election 2025 — ODIHR final report"
    },
    "issuer": "OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)",
    "date": "2025-10-21",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Assessed the election as competitive and efficiently managed with fundamental freedoms respected, while noting authorities had to deploy countermeasures against disinformation and foreign interference and flagging media polarization."
    },
    "url": "https://odihr.osce.org/odihr/elections/poland/599993",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "odihr-romania-2025",
    "type": "observer-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Romania, repeat presidential election 2025 — ODIHR final report"
    },
    "issuer": "OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)",
    "date": "2025-10-28",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Provided the chronology of the annulment and rerun, recording that TikTok removed 27,217 inauthentic accounts, that the candidate was barred from the rerun, and that the court dismissed the runner-up’s foreign-interference complaint as unfounded."
    },
    "url": "https://odihr.osce.org/sites/default/files/f/documents/f/3/600295_0.pdf",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "odni-ica-2020",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Foreign Threats to the 2020 US Federal Elections (declassified ICA)"
    },
    "issuer": "U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence",
    "date": "2021-03-16",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Found no indications that any foreign actor attempted to alter any technical aspect of the voting process in 2020, while assessing that Russia and Iran conducted influence (messaging) operations."
    },
    "url": "https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ICA-declass-16MAR21.pdf",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260717023508/https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ICA-declass-16MAR21.pdf",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "license": "us-public-domain",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ohchr-belarus-2022",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "UN report on human-rights violations in Belarus around the 2020 election"
    },
    "issuer": "UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), via UN News",
    "date": "2022-03-04",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Found at least 37,000 people detained between May 2020 and May 2021, about 13,500 arbitrarily arrested in the days around the vote, and torture and ill-treatment that were widespread and systematic."
    },
    "url": "https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113582",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260701231940/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113582",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "osce-moscow-belarus-2020",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "OSCE Moscow Mechanism rapporteur’s report on the 2020 Belarus presidential election"
    },
    "issuer": "OSCE / rapporteur Prof. Wolfgang Benedek",
    "date": "2020-11-05",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The rapporteur found the allegations that the election was not transparent, free or fair confirmed, referred to “the falsified presidential elections,” and recommended cancelling the results and holding new elections under international observation."
    },
    "url": "https://www.osce.org/odihr/469539",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251116015122/https://www.osce.org/odihr/469539",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "pap-pl-validity-2025",
    "type": "journalism",
    "title": {
      "en": "Supreme Court confirms validity of Poland’s 2025 presidential election"
    },
    "issuer": "Polish Press Agency (PAP)",
    "date": "2025-07-01",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Reported the certified run-off result (Nawrocki 50.89% vs Trzaskowski 49.11%) and the Supreme Court chamber’s confirmation of validity, noting 21 confirmed irregularities held not to affect the result."
    },
    "url": "https://www.pap.pl/en/news/supreme-court-confirms-validity-polands-presidential-election",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250703200908/https://www.pap.pl/en/news/supreme-court-confirms-validity-polands-presidential-election",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "parasol-wyborczy-2025",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Report of the “Parasol Wyborczy” (Election Umbrella) programme"
    },
    "issuer": "Ministry of Digital Affairs / NASK-PIB",
    "date": "2025-09-17",
    "jurisdiction": "Poland",
    "language": "pl",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Documented the scale of Poland’s election-protection programme: roughly 27,500 handled incidents, over 16,000 influence-operation accounts reported to platforms, and 176 candidate-impersonation incidents (169 blocked)."
    },
    "url": "https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja/raport-z-programu-parasol-wyborczy---kompleksowa-ochrona-wyborow-prezydenckich-2025",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260217001140/https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja/raport-z-programu-parasol-wyborczy---kompleksowa-ochrona-wyborow-prezydenckich-2025",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "pkw-2025",
    "type": "dataset",
    "title": {
      "en": "Official results portal, 2025 Polish presidential election"
    },
    "issuer": "State Electoral Commission (PKW)",
    "date": "2025-06-01",
    "jurisdiction": "Poland",
    "language": "pl",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The official results portal of the State Electoral Commission for the 2025 Polish presidential election."
    },
    "url": "https://prezydent2025.pkw.gov.pl/prezydent2025/en",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260622160812/https://prezydent2025.pkw.gov.pl/prezydent2025/en",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "politifact-2000mules-2022",
    "type": "journalism",
    "title": {
      "en": "The faulty premise of the “2000 Mules” trailer"
    },
    "issuer": "PolitiFact (Poynter Institute)",
    "date": "2022-05-04",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Concluded that geospatial data is not precise enough to prove a person submitted a ballot to a drop box, and found no evidence of criminal ballot harvesting."
    },
    "url": "https://www.politifact.com/article/2022/may/04/faulty-premise-2000-mules-trailer-about-voting-mai/",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260615034759/https://www.politifact.com/article/2022/may/04/faulty-premise-2000-mules-trailer-about-voting-mai/",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "salem-2000mules-2024",
    "type": "journalism",
    "title": {
      "en": "Salem Media stops distributing “2000 Mules” and apologizes"
    },
    "issuer": "Democracy Docket",
    "date": "2024-05-31",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Salem Media removed the film and book, apologized to a Georgia man it had labeled a “ballot mule,” and noted the Georgia Bureau of Investigation had cleared him of illegal voting."
    },
    "url": "https://www.democracydocket.com/news-alerts/salem-media-group-stops-distributing-2020-election-conspiracy-film-amid-lawsuit/",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260520014708/https://www.democracydocket.com/news-alerts/salem-media-group-stops-distributing-2020-election-conspiracy-film-amid-lawsuit/",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "scotus-texas-penn-2020",
    "type": "court-ruling",
    "title": {
      "en": "Texas v. Pennsylvania — motion for leave to file denied"
    },
    "issuer": "Supreme Court of the United States",
    "date": "2020-12-11",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The Supreme Court denied Texas’s bid to challenge results in four other states for lack of standing, one of roughly 60 post-election cases that failed to overturn any result."
    },
    "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/121120zr_p860.pdf",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260715083031/https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/121120zr_p860.pdf",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "license": "us-public-domain",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ssci-vol1",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "SSCI Report on Russian Active Measures, Volume I: Russian Efforts Against Election Infrastructure"
    },
    "issuer": "U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence",
    "date": "2019-07-25",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The bipartisan Senate Intelligence Committee found the Russian government directed extensive activity against U.S. election infrastructure from at least 2014, and stated it saw no evidence that vote tallies were changed or machines manipulated."
    },
    "url": "https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report_Volume1.pdf",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250511014054/https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report_Volume1.pdf",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "license": "us-public-domain",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ssci-vol2",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "SSCI Report on Russian Active Measures, Volume II: Russia’s Use of Social Media"
    },
    "issuer": "U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence",
    "date": "2019-10-08",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Found that the Internet Research Agency ran a social-media campaign, at the direction of the Kremlin, that was overtly and almost invariably supportive of candidate Trump and detrimental to Secretary Clinton."
    },
    "url": "https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report_Volume2.pdf",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250513051242/https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report_Volume2.pdf",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "license": "us-public-domain",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "state-moldova-2024",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "U.S. response to corruption and election interference in Moldova"
    },
    "issuer": "U.S. Department of State",
    "date": "2024-09-13",
    "jurisdiction": "United States",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The State Department designated a Russia-based NGO and its director for a scheme to move money via Promsvyazbank into Moldova to buy votes ahead of the October 2024 election."
    },
    "url": "https://2021-2025.state.gov/response-to-corruption-and-election-interference-in-moldova/",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260520064239/https://2021-2025.state.gov/response-to-corruption-and-election-interference-in-moldova/",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "license": "us-public-domain",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "venice-romania-2025",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Romania — urgent report on the cancellation of election results by constitutional courts (CDL-AD(2025)003)"
    },
    "issuer": "Venice Commission, Council of Europe",
    "date": "2025-03-18",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Confirmed the Constitutional Court annulled the 24 November 2024 first round, set legal standards for ex officio annulment (ultima ratio, clear regulation, evidence, procedural guarantees), and noted the ruling did not explicitly attribute the operation to a foreign state."
    },
    "url": "https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2025)003-e",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251125105232/https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2025)003-e",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "vfgh-annulment-2016",
    "type": "court-ruling",
    "title": {
      "en": "Constitutional Court decision W I 6/2016-125 (annulment of the run-off)"
    },
    "issuer": "Constitutional Court of Austria (Verfassungsgerichtshof)",
    "date": "2016-07-01",
    "jurisdiction": "Austria",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "The Constitutional Court annulled the 22 May 2016 presidential run-off on procedural grounds (unlawful handling of postal ballots in 14 districts and premature release of partial results), expressly finding no manipulation and no proof the outcome was altered."
    },
    "url": "https://www.vfgh.gv.at/downloads/VfGH_W_I_6-2016_EN.pdf",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240228095346/https://www.vfgh.gv.at/downloads/VfGH_W_I_6-2016_EN.pdf",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "viginum-romania-2025",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "Algorithm manipulation and influencer instrumentalisation: lessons from the Romanian presidential election"
    },
    "issuer": "VIGINUM / SGDSN (France)",
    "date": "2025-02-04",
    "language": "fr",
    "summary": {
      "en": "Documented the TikTok algorithm-manipulation and covert paid-influencer operation that boosted the candidate, while explicitly stating the campaign’s sponsor remained unknown and the foreign-state hypothesis was only suggested by Romanian authorities."
    },
    "url": "https://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/files/files/Publications/20250204_NP_SGDSN_VIGINUM_Rapport_public_Elections_roumanie_risques_france_VFF.pdf",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260603130139/https://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/files/files/Publications/20250204_NP_SGDSN_VIGINUM_Rapport_public_Elections_roumanie_risques_france_VFF.pdf",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  },
  {
    "id": "viginum-rrn-2023",
    "type": "official-report",
    "title": {
      "en": "RRN: a complex and persistent information-manipulation campaign"
    },
    "issuer": "VIGINUM / SGDSN (France)",
    "date": "2023-07-19",
    "language": "en",
    "summary": {
      "en": "French state analysis of the RRN/Doppelganger campaign: 355 typosquatted domains, cloning of major French outlets, and Meta’s attribution of the operation to the Russian firms Social Design Agency and Structura."
    },
    "url": "https://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/files/files/Publications/20230719_NP_VIGINUM_SYNTHESE_RAPPORT-CAMPAGNE-RRN_EN_0.pdf",
    "archiveUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251104000547/https://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/files/files/Publications/20230719_NP_VIGINUM_SYNTHESE_RAPPORT-CAMPAGNE-RRN_EN_0.pdf",
    "retrievedDate": "2026-07-19",
    "tags": []
  }
]