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Hồ sơ quyền bầu cử

South Africa

Africa · za

Parliamentary republic with closed-list proportional representation. The 400-member National Assembly is filled from two ballots - 200 regional seats distributed across the nine provinces and 200 national compensatory seats - and the Assembly then elects the President. Since the Electoral Amendment Act took effect for the 2024 election, independent candidates may contest the regional and provincial ballots alongside parties.

Hồ sơ được rà soát lần cuối August 29, 2026

South Africa has had universal adult suffrage only since 1994. Before that the franchise was narrowed by race in stages: African voters in the Cape were struck from the common roll in 1936, Coloured voters between 1951 and 1956, and the tricameral constitution of the 1980s gave Coloured and Indian citizens separate chambers while excluding the Black majority from national representation altogether. Voting today is on paper, counted at the voting station and posted outside it before the results slip is captured, audited and scanned at a municipal site, and elections are run by the Electoral Commission, a constitutionally independent Chapter 9 institution rather than a government department. Registration is voter-initiated, so the national common voters' roll - 27,782,677 people when it closed for the 2024 election - is well short of the voting-age population. The 2024 general election ended thirty years of single-party majorities and produced the country's first national coalition government since the transition.

Cách thức bỏ phiếu hiện nay

Độ tuổi bầu cử
18 trở lên
Đăng ký cử tri
Do cử tri khởi xướng
Giấy tờ tùy thân
Yêu cầu giấy tờ tùy thân có ảnh
Bỏ phiếu bắt buộc
Không
Bỏ phiếu qua thư
Không có
Bỏ phiếu sớm
Bị hạn chế
Bỏ phiếu trực tuyến
Không có
Bỏ phiếu từ nước ngoài
Bị hạn chế

Section 19(3)(a) of the Constitution gives every adult citizen the right to vote in secret in elections for any legislative body established under it. Citizens may apply to register from 16 but vote from 18. Registration is voter-initiated, done online at any time or in person at one of the commission's 269 offices, and the roll closes on the day the President proclaims the election. Voters must present a bar-coded identity document, smart identity card or temporary identity certificate. There is no postal voting: a voter who cannot attend on the day may apply for a special vote cast in the two days before the poll, including home visits for people who are elderly, infirm, disabled or pregnant. Citizens abroad may register and vote at diplomatic missions but receive only the national ballot. Prisoners may register and vote whatever their sentence, and are enrolled at the address where they lived before incarceration.

Quyền bầu cử đã thay đổi như thế nào

Mỗi mục ghi nhận một thay đổi về người có quyền bỏ phiếu, hoặc cách thức bỏ phiếu — bao gồm cả mở rộng, hạn chế và cải cách thủ tục.

  1. 1930Mở rộng

    The Women's Enfranchisement Act gave white women the right to vote and to be elected to Parliament; women of every other racial classification remained excluded.

    Segregationist legislation timeline 1930-1939
  2. 1936Hạn chế

    The Representation of Natives Act removed African voters in the Cape from the common roll, replacing their vote with indirect representation by white senators and an advisory Natives Representative Council.

    Segregationist legislation timeline 1930-1939
  3. 1951Hạn chế

    The Separate Representation of Voters Act removed Coloured voters in the Cape from the common roll and placed them on a separate roll electing white representatives; after the courts struck it down, Parliament revalidated it through the South Africa Act Amendment Act of 1956.

    Apartheid legislation 1850s-1970s
  4. 1968Hạn chế

    The Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act ended Coloured parliamentary representation and substituted a Coloured Persons Representative Council whose bills required ministerial approval; the South African Indian Council Act created a body for Indian South Africans with no legislative power at all.

    Apartheid legislation 1850s-1970s
  5. 1983Cải cách

    A whites-only referendum on 2 November 1983 approved a new constitution creating a tricameral Parliament, which took effect in 1984. Coloured and Indian South Africans regained a parliamentary vote, but only in separate chambers of their own alongside the white House of Assembly; Black South Africans remained excluded from national representation altogether.

    The Tricameral Parliament
  6. 1994Mở rộng

    The first non-racial election was held under universal adult suffrage: 19,533,498 votes were cast, 19 parties contested, and the African National Congress won 62.65% and 252 of the 400 National Assembly seats.

    Elections in post-apartheid South Africa
  7. 2020Cải cách

    In New Nation Movement NPC and Others v President of the Republic of South Africa the Constitutional Court declared the Electoral Act unconstitutional to the extent that adults could be elected to the National Assembly and provincial legislatures only through membership of a political party, obliging Parliament to open those elections to independent candidates.

    Electoral Commission 2024 National and Provincial Elections Report
  8. 2024Cải cách

    The Electoral Amendment Act was applied for the first time: voters received three ballots instead of two, 11 independent candidates stood for the National Assembly and provincial legislatures, and none was elected.

    How the Quota and Distribution of Seats is Calculated for the 2024 National and Provincial Elections

Các biện pháp bảo đảm trong kiểm phiếu

Loại phiếu
Phiếu giấy
Kiểm toán sau bầu cử
Tùy từng trường hợp
Quản lý bầu cử
Ủy ban độc lập
Quan sát viên trong nước
Có
Quan sát viên quốc tế
Có

Ballots are counted at the voting station and the station's result is posted outside it before the results slip travels to a municipal capture site, where it is captured, audited and scanned so that party and independent-candidate agents can compare the scanned image against the captured figure. Any interested party may lodge an objection material to the result under section 55 of the Electoral Act, and the commission may order recounts: in 2024 it upheld 17 of 110 objections and ordered 35 recounts. Decisions of the commission are appealable to the Electoral Court. There is no routine statistical or risk-limiting audit of the national tally. For the 2024 election the commission considered 398 applications to observe and accredited 191 organisations, 23 of them international institutions; 80 of the accredited organisations later filed observation reports with it.

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