Ballot stuffing

Result falsification

Altering recorded totals so the declared result differs from the votes cast — the site’s most serious category, and the one most often conflated with the other four.

Ballot reconciliation

Checking that ballots issued, returned, counted and spoiled sum correctly at each polling station — the most basic numerical control on a count.

Turnout anomaly

Turnout that departs sharply from comparable units or from plausible bounds — a prompt to examine records, never on its own a finding of falsification.