South Korea

Cách thức bỏ phiếu hiện nay

Độ tuổi bầu cử

18 trở lên

Đăng ký cử tri

Tự động

Giấy tờ tùy thân

Yêu cầu giấy tờ tùy thân có ảnh

Bỏ phiếu bắt buộc

Không

Bỏ phiếu qua thư

Bị hạn chế

Bỏ phiếu sớm

Có sẵn cho tất cả

Bỏ phiếu trực tuyến

Không có

Bỏ phiếu từ nước ngoài

Bị hạn chế

The voters list is prepared automatically by a computerised system under the head of the local Gu, Si or Gun government during a five-day window starting 28 days before a presidential election, and is confirmed 12 days before polling day; a voter never applies to be registered. At the polling station the voter presents identification and then signs, stamps or leaves a thumbprint on the voters list before receiving a ballot. Voting is expressly non-compulsory and there is no penalty for abstaining. There is no postal voting open to all: voters unable to attend may apply for home or shipboard voting, and overseas voters must register in advance and then vote in person at a diplomatic mission, which for non-resident overseas Koreans covers only presidential elections and the proportional representation seats of the National Assembly. Foreign nationals holding permanent residence for three years or more may vote in local elections but not in national ones. There is no online voting.

Quyền bầu cử đã thay đổi như thế nào

Mỗi mục ghi nhận một thay đổi về người có quyền bỏ phiếu, hoặc cách thức bỏ phiếu — bao gồm cả mở rộng, hạn chế và cải cách thủ tục.

1. 1948Mở rộng

   The first election to the Constitutional Assembly was held on universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage, establishing adult suffrage from the founding of the republic.

   Status and History of the National Election Commission
2. 1960Cải cách

   After the disputed presidential election of 15 March 1960, election administration was taken out of the interior ministry and given to a dedicated commission under the third constitutional amendment; it closed and lost its function after the May 1961 coup, and its standing as a constitutional body was written into the fifth revision of the constitution in 1962.

   Status and History of the National Election Commission
3. 1972Hạn chế

   The Yushin Constitution ended the direct popular election of the president, replacing it with an indirect vote by an electoral college that lasted fifteen years, and gave the president unlimited re-election.

   Constitutional History of Korea
4. 1987Mở rộng

   The ninth constitutional amendment restored direct popular election of the president and limited the office to a single five-year term.

   Constitutional History of Korea
5. 2005Mở rộng

   The voting age was lowered from 20 to 19.

   South Korea: Youth Participation
6. 2009Mở rộng

   Overseas voting was reinstated by the revision of the Public Official Election Act of 12 February 2009, after the Constitutional Court held on 28 June 2007 that excluding overseas nationals breached the principle of universal suffrage; the earlier overseas system had run from 1967 to 1971 before being abolished in 1972.

   Overseas Elections
7. 2013Cải cách

   Early voting was introduced at by-elections in the first half of 2013 and extended nationwide at the 2014 local elections, letting any voter cast a ballot at any early voting station in the country without separate registration; 4,736,980 of 41,296,228 voters, or 11.5 per cent, used it in 2014.

   Early Voting
8. 2019Mở rộng

   The National Assembly lowered the voting age from 19 to 18 in late 2019, adding roughly 540,000 voters, about 1.2 per cent of the electorate, and it applied first at the National Assembly election of 15 April 2020.

   18-year-olds hit the polls for first time in Korea

Các biện pháp bảo đảm trong kiểm phiếu

Loại phiếu

Phiếu giấy

Kiểm toán sau bầu cử

Chỉ khiếu kiện tư pháp

Quản lý bầu cử

Ủy ban độc lập

Quan sát viên trong nước

Có

Quan sát viên quốc tế

Có

Ballots are marked by hand on paper. At counting centres they are passed through a sorting machine, then verified by counting staff, with a manual hand-verification step inserted between sorting and the counting machine from the 2024 elections in response to public fraud claims. Political parties and candidates may appoint up to six counting observers each and independent candidates up to two; at a polling station each party and candidate may recommend up to two voting observers, to a maximum of eight in the station, and at early voting stations the number is not limited. Anyone in a counting centre may compare the posted result with the figures published on the commission's website in real time. Early voting ballot boxes are stored under surveillance cameras whose footage is protected against alteration. There is no routine post-election audit: the only route to reopen a declared national result is an election lawsuit before the Supreme Court, which must rule within 180 days and may annul only where a violation is found to have had a substantial effect on the outcome. Ballots and election documents are retained for election litigation and discarded a month after the deadline for bringing a suit, or a month after the final ruling where a suit was brought. International observation is by invitation rather than accreditation: the commission runs an International Election Observation Program at its major elections, inviting election officials, academics and international organisations, which returned to in-person observation at the 2024 National Assembly election.

Thông tin cần biết

• The National Election Commission has nine commissioners appointed in three blocks of three, by the President, the National Assembly and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, serving six-year terms; they may not join a political party and can be removed only by impeachment, a prison sentence or political involvement.Introduction to the Electoral and Political Systems of the Republic of Korea
• A challenge to a presidential or National Assembly election goes straight to the Supreme Court, without a preliminary petition to the election commission, and the court invalidates a result only where a violation is deemed to have had a substantial effect on it.Introduction to the Electoral and Political Systems of the Republic of Korea
• Ballot counting machines have been in use since 1995 and ballot sorting machines since 2002, but the commission classifies the sorter as auxiliary equipment and requires counting staff to inspect every ballot visually.Counting
• Foreign nationals who have held permanent residence in a locality for three years or more may vote in that locality's elections, though not in national ones.Right to Vote and Electoral Eligibility

Nguồn

• Introduction to the Electoral and Political Systems of the Republic of Korea— National Election Commission of the Republic of Korea
• Status and History of the National Election Commission— National Election Commission of the Republic of Korea
• Right to Vote and Electoral Eligibility— National Election Commission of the Republic of Korea
• Early Voting— National Election Commission of the Republic of Korea
• International Election Observation Program— National Election Commission of the Republic of Korea
• Constitutional History of Korea— ConstitutionNet, International IDEA