Profil volebních práv

Indonesia

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Presidential republic. The president and vice-president stand as a single ticket, are directly elected for five years, and must take more than half the national vote together with at least 20 percent in more than half the provinces, failing which a second round is held. The 580-seat House of Representatives is elected by open-list proportional representation across 84 multi-member electoral districts, alongside a directly elected Regional Representative Council and provincial and district assemblies.

Profil naposledy zkontrolován August 29, 2026

Indonesia runs the largest single-day election in the world, with more than 200 million registered voters choosing a president, a national parliament, a regional chamber and provincial and district assemblies on one day. Elections are administered by the Komisi Pemilihan Umum, which the amended 1945 Constitution requires to be national, permanent and independent; Bawaslu supervises the process and the DKPP polices the ethics of both bodies. Voters mark paper ballots by punching them at a polling station, and the official result is a manual recapitulation totalled upward from every station, with electronic publication treated only as an aid. The franchise is wide, opening at 17 or on marriage, voting is not compulsory, and turnout at the 2024 presidential ballot was 81.78 percent. The country's electoral history is not continuous, however: the New Order elections of 1971 to 1997 were dominated by the state-backed Golkar, and from 1977 onward only three contestants were permitted at all. Free multi-party voting resumed in 1999.

Jak dnes funguje hlasování

Věková hranice pro hlasování: 17 a více
Registrace voličů: Státem iniciovaná
Průkaz totožnosti: Vyžadován průkaz totožnosti s fotografií
Povinná účast ve volbách: Ne
Hlasování ze zahraničí: Dostupné pro všechny

The vote opens at 17, and also to anyone younger who is or has been married. Registration is not the voter's responsibility: the commission compiles the permanent voter register, supplemented by an additional list for people voting away from their registered station and a special list for those presenting only an identity card on the day, both of which were used in 2024. The Kartu Tanda Penduduk identity card is the document that establishes eligibility; gender can be changed on it only after gender reassignment surgery, and observers recorded that for 2024 the government acknowledged the resulting difficulty for trans women and allowed them to vote. Voting is not compulsory. Indonesians abroad vote at overseas stations organised by the commission, on arrangements that observers have criticised for duplicate registrations and for not being held on the same day as voting at home.

Jak se měnilo volební právo

Každý záznam zaznamenává změnu v tom, kdo mohl volit, nebo jakým způsobem — rozšíření, omezení i procesní reformy.

1955Rozšíření
Indonesia held its first national elections under universal adult suffrage, in two phases: 29 September for the House of Representatives and 15 December for a Constituent Assembly, with 43.1 million of a population of 77.9 million entitled to vote from age 18 or on marriage.
National Archives retells Indonesia's first election in 1955
1973Omezení
Under Suharto's New Order the surviving parties were fused in 1973 into two permitted contestants, the Islamic parties into PPP and the nationalist and Christian parties into PDI, alongside the state-backed Golkar; from the 1977 election until 1997 no other party could stand. The New Order elections of 1971 to 1997 were characterised by unfair election processes, mass mobilisation of Golkar forces, government appointees dominating the election committees and state selection of candidates at all levels.
Political Parties in Indonesia from the 1950s to 2004: An Overview (CRISE Working Paper No. 61)
1999Rozšíření
The first fully free election since the 1950s: 48 parties contested, the seats reserved for military appointees in the House of Representatives were cut from 75 to 38, and civil servants were released from the requirement to join Golkar.
IPU PARLINE: Indonesia, elections in 1999
2002Reforma
Amendments to the 1945 Constitution made the president and vice-president directly elected as a single ticket rather than chosen by the People's Consultative Assembly, and required elections every five years under a national, permanent and independent electoral commission.
Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945 (reinstated 1959, as amended to 2002), Articles 6A and 22E
2004Rozšíření
All 550 seats of the House of Representatives were elective at the legislative election of 5 April 2004, at which about 84 percent of registered voters took part and roughly 11 million ballots were void because of the complexity of the ballot papers; Indonesians then elected their president directly for the first time, on 5 July, with a run-off on 9 September won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
IPU PARLINE: Indonesia, elections in 2004
2019Reforma
Presidential and legislative elections were held simultaneously for the first time, following Constitutional Court Decision 14/PUU-XI/2013, so that voters cast five ballots on a single day.
2024 Indonesian General Elections | Beyond Power: Upholding the Rule of Law amid Democratic Adversities
2023Reforma
The Constitutional Court reinterpreted the minimum candidacy age of 40 for president and vice-president so that it can be satisfied instead by holding or having held an office filled by election, including a regional head election. The Court recorded that the new reading took effect the moment the ruling was pronounced in open session, four months before the 2024 vote.
Putusan Nomor 90/PUU-XXI/2023

Záruky při sčítání

Typ hlasovacího lístku: Papírové hlasovací lístky
Povolební audit: Pouze soudní přezkum
Správa voleb: Nezávislá komise
Domácí pozorovatelé: Ano
Mezinárodní pozorovatelé: Ano

The Constitution requires a national, permanent and independent election commission; Bawaslu supervises the process and the DKPP adjudicates ethics complaints against members of both bodies, and has sanctioned commissioners including the chair. The declared result is the manual recapitulation totalled upward from each polling station, not the Sirekap electronic publication, which the Constitutional Court described in 2024 as an aid to transparency whose unvalidated data were insufficiently accurate and which it recommended be independently audited. There is no routine statistical audit of the count; a declared presidential result is checked after the fact by challenge to the Constitutional Court, which can order re-voting. Domestic monitoring groups and international observers are accredited by Bawaslu.

Co stojí za to vědět

The 2024 general election was the largest single-day vote held anywhere that year: more than 200 million eligible voters chose a president, a vice-president, a national parliament, a regional chamber and provincial and district assemblies on 14 February.2024 Indonesian General Elections | Beyond Power: Upholding the Rule of Law amid Democratic Adversities
Party candidate lists must be at least 30 percent women in each of the 84 electoral districts, with a woman in one of every three list positions. When the commission published the final 2024 lists it reported all 18 competing parties compliant; an analysis by the domestic monitoring group NETGRIT, cited by ANFREL, found that only one party, PKS, met the quota in every district.2024 Indonesian General Elections | Beyond Power: Upholding the Rule of Law amid Democratic Adversities
In the 2004 election about 11 million ballots were declared invalid, attributed to ballot sheets so long with candidate names and party logos that voters filled them in incorrectly.IPU PARLINE: Indonesia, elections in 2004
The 2024 presidential result was declared on a total of 164,227,475 valid votes, aggregated by the commission from all 38 provinces plus a single combined overseas constituency.Keputusan Komisi Pemilihan Umum Nomor 360 Tahun 2024, Lampiran I