투표권 프로필

Mozambique

Africa · mz

Presidential republic with a unicameral 250-seat Assembleia da República. The president is elected by absolute majority in up to two rounds; 248 deputies are elected by closed-list proportional representation using the d'Hondt formula in eleven domestic constituencies with no minimum threshold, and two more by simple majority in the two diaspora constituencies. Ten provincial assemblies are elected by proportional representation and each provincial governor is the head of the winning provincial list. Elections are run by the Comissão Nacional de Eleições (CNE), whose members are party-nominated and civil-society appointees, with the Secretariado Técnico da Administração Eleitoral (STAE) handling operations.

프로필 최종 검토 August 29, 2026

Mozambique became independent from Portugal in 1975 as a one-party state under FRELIMO, the movement that had fought the liberation war, and has been governed by that party ever since. Multiparty politics arrived with the 1990 constitution and the 1992 Rome peace accord that ended sixteen years of civil war, and the first competitive elections in October 1994 drew an 88 per cent turnout. Voting itself is transparent by design: each polling station is autonomous, ballots are counted on the spot and the results sheet is meant to be posted on the door, though EU observers found it missing in eight of the 77 counts they watched in 2024. The recurring failure lies further up, in the district and national tabulation, which is where the Constitutional Council located the inflated figures it corrected after the 2024 general election. That correction cut the winner's share by more than five points and the ruling party's parliamentary majority by 24 seats without changing who governs, and in the protests that followed the civil-society Plataforma Decide counted more than 300 people killed by police firearms.

현재 투표 방식

투표 연령: 18세 이상
유권자 등록: 유권자 주도
신분증명: 신분증명서류면 가능
강제 투표: 아니요
우편 투표: 제공되지 않음
사전 투표: 제공되지 않음
온라인 투표: 제공되지 않음
해외에서의 투표: 제한됨

The law requires a new voter register to be produced for each election, and registration is active and compulsory: citizens must present themselves to be enrolled, and the exercise is run afresh rather than maintained. Where a registrant has no identity papers, two witnesses may vouch for their identity; internally displaced people in Cabo Delgado were registered at their current place of residence under that procedure in 2024. There is no postal, early or online voting. Mozambicans abroad vote in person at diaspora polling stations and elect two of the 250 deputies, but registration is concentrated in a handful of countries, with South Africa alone accounting for 215,831 of the 333,839 diaspora registrants in 2024. Prisoners may vote in law, but no registration is conducted in penitentiaries.

선거권의 변화

각 항목은 누가 투표할 수 있었는지, 또는 어떤 방식으로 투표할 수 있었는지의 변화를 기록합니다. 확대, 제한, 절차 개혁 모두 포함됩니다.

1975제한
Mozambique became independent from Portugal on 25 June 1975 as a socialist one-party state under FRELIMO, the sole legal party; there was no competitive vote for the next nineteen years.
Collapsing Electoral Integrity in Mozambique
1990확대
A new constitution introduced the democratic rule of law based on separation of powers and political pluralism, opening the way to the country's first multiparty elections.
Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique
1992개혁
FRELIMO and RENAMO signed the Rome General Peace Accord in October 1992, ending a sixteen-year civil war; multiparty elections were part of the settlement.
A Summary of the Parliamentary and Presidential Elections in Mozambique, 1999
1994확대
The first multiparty presidential and parliamentary elections were held on 27 to 29 October 1994 with an 88 per cent turnout; Joaquim Chissano won 53.3 per cent against Afonso Dhlakama's 33.3 per cent, and a 5 per cent national threshold kept all but three lists out of parliament.
A Summary of the Parliamentary and Presidential Elections in Mozambique, 1999
1998제한
The first local government elections were boycotted by RENAMO and fifteen smaller parties over distrust of the electoral administration; turnout was 15 per cent.
A Summary of the Parliamentary and Presidential Elections in Mozambique, 1999
2018개혁
A constitutional revision replaced presidential appointment of provincial governors and ministerial appointment of district administrators: after civil-society objections to letting the winning party pick its own executive, the office was made to pass automatically to whoever headed the winning provincial, district or municipal list.
Conflict and decentralization in Mozambique: The challenges of implementation
2019확대
Provincial assemblies and provincial governors were elected for the first time under the new system, at the general election of 15 October 2019, after six electoral laws were rewritten only on 31 May that year.
Collapsing Electoral Integrity in Mozambique
2024개혁
Electoral laws were amended shortly before the October general election, removing the power of lower courts to annul an election and dropping the requirement to lodge a prior objection before challenging a result; EU observers found the late and unharmonised changes created legal uncertainty.
EU Election Observation Mission Mozambique 2024 - Final Report, General and Provincial Assembly Elections, 9 October 2024

개표에 대한 보호장치

투표용지 유형: 종이 투표용지
선거 후 감사: 사법적 이의제기만 가능
선거 관리: 혼합 / 분권화
국내 참관인: 예
국제 참관인: 예

Ballots are paper and counted at the polling station as soon as voting ends, with the results sheet (edital) meant to be posted outside for public viewing and copies handed to party agents, so the raw record exists in many hands; EU observers in 2024 found the sheet unposted in eight of 77 observed counts, though nearly all party agents present did receive copies. What is missing is publication: results are not broken down by polling station, and the district tabulation tables, which do show results by station, are not required by law to be published. The Constitutional Council is the only body that can correct a declared result, and in 2024 it did so by comparing parties' copies of the results sheets against the commission's rather than by recounting ballots, without disclosing which sheets it accepted. The CNE's 17 members are five FRELIMO, four RENAMO and one MDM nominee plus seven civil-society appointees, an arrangement the SADC mission, the Public Prosecutor's Office and the EU mission have all said should be professionalised.

알아둘 점

Every Mozambican polling station posts its own count on its door the night of the election, yet the electoral commission has never published national results broken down by polling station: in 2024 the technical secretariat said it was feasible while the commission's president said no law required it.EU Election Observation Mission Mozambique 2024 - Final Report, General and Provincial Assembly Elections, 9 October 2024
In December 2024 the Constitutional Council partially annulled the electoral commission's own general count in seven of the eleven domestic constituencies, cutting the declared winner from 70.67 to 65.17 per cent and the ruling party from 195 to 171 of 250 seats, while holding that the irregularities had not substantially influenced the outcome.Acórdão n.º 24/CC/2024, de 22 de Dezembro - Validação de Eleições Gerais e das Assembleias Provinciais e do Governador de Província
The 2024 register held 17,169,239 voters, 30 per cent more than in 2019, in a period when the National Statistics Institute projected adult-population growth of 17 per cent; registration reached 150.01 per cent of the projected eligible population in Gaza province and 86.21 per cent in Niassa.EU Election Observation Mission Mozambique 2024 - Final Report, General and Provincial Assembly Elections, 9 October 2024
PODEMOS, which had taken 0.11 per cent of the vote in 2019 and stood seventh, became the main opposition party in under two months after announcing on 21 August 2024 that it would back the independent presidential candidate Venâncio Mondlane.EU Election Observation Mission Mozambique 2024 - Final Report, General and Provincial Assembly Elections, 9 October 2024
Protests against the 2024 result were met with live ammunition; the civil-society Plataforma DECIDE, collecting incident reports through a telephone hotline, counted around 315 people killed and over 3,000 injured between 21 October 2024 and 16 January 2025, while police commander Bernardino Rafael acknowledged 96 deaths including 17 officers as of 23 January 2025.Protest Under Attack: Human Rights Violations During Mozambique's Post-2024 Election Crackdown