Secret ballot

Vote buying

Paying or materially rewarding voters to cast a ballot a certain way or to turn out — a process violation, and a crime in most jurisdictions.

Voter intimidation

Pressure, surveillance or threat intended to deter voting or to direct it — a process violation that leaves little documentary trace and relies on observer reporting.

Ballot secrecy breach

Any arrangement that lets a third party learn how an individual voted — including photographed ballots, transparent envelopes and overly small reporting units.