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Elections documented, attacked, and defended — with proven falsification kept strictly apart from interference, propaganda, and mere anomaly. Every finding is tiered by the strength of its evidence.

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Database last updated August 29, 2026

Election spotlight

2024

MoldovaPresidentialHeld

Moldova 2024 Presidential Election & EU Referendum

Observers assessed the vote as well managed and it returned pro-EU incumbent Maia Sandu, even as a documented Russia-linked vote-buying and disinformation campaign — attributed to the Shor network — operated around it. Interference in the environment is separate from the integrity of the count.

Foreign interferenceInformation operations

2 established · 3 not established

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Five categories, never conflated

The difference between these is the whole point. An attacked election is not the same as a falsified one.

Result falsification

The recorded numbers do not reflect the votes cast.

Process violations

Unequal media access, repression, illegal financing, vote buying, misuse of state resources.

Foreign interference

Cyberattacks, hack-and-leak, covert foreign financing, impersonation of media or institutions by a foreign state or proxy.

Information operations

Troll farms, fake local-media networks, covert political ads, coordinated inauthentic amplification — foreign or domestic.

Statistical anomalies

Patterns in the data worth examining — explicitly not proof of fraud.

A finding sits in exactly one category. Colors and icons carry the same meaning everywhere on the site.

From the case files

What was proven — and what was not

The clearest test of a trustworthy record is whether it can hold both statements at once.

Zambia 2026 General Election

What is established

Statistical anomaliesConfirmed
The declared national result fell outside the range produced by an independent verification drawn from a nationally representative random sample of polling stations.
More detail
CCMG's process and results verification, built from official polling-station results reported by monitors at 1,491 of 1,500 sampled stations, estimated turnout at 53.5 per cent plus or minus 0.6, Hichilema at 56.0 per cent plus or minus 1.7 and Mundubile at 42.3 per cent plus or minus 1.7. CCMG states that the official results for turnout and for both leading candidates do not fall within those ranges; the declared figures of 57.23 per cent turnout, 60.49 per cent and 37.87 per cent lie outside them, as does the lowest winning share reported by any account of the declaration, 60.5 per cent. CCMG's monitors did not count ballots: the estimate is built from the results announced by the commission's own polling officials.
Sources:1 2 3
Result falsificationConfirmed
Citizen observers concluded that votes had been added to the official totals in 30 of the 226 constituencies, through increased votes for the governing party.
More detail
CCMG identified 30 constituencies in which official turnout exceeded the upper limit of its sample estimate by more than ten points through increased UPND votes, and stated that in those 30 constituencies votes were added, artificially increasing turnout. The average change in turnout from 2021 was plus 6 per cent in those constituencies against minus 15 per cent in the other 196. In four constituencies where observers obtained the constituency totalling records for 24 sampled polling stations, every figure including rejected ballots matched at 13 stations; UPND totals at the tally centre exceeded the polling-station results recorded by monitors at 10 of the 24, by an average of 178 votes, and at one further station the NRPUP total at the tally centre was 10 votes higher than the polling-station record.
Sources:1

What is not established

Result falsificationDebunked
The opposition claim that Brian Mundubile actually won the presidential election is not supported by the independent verification of the count.
More detail
The AU-COMESA mission records that Mundubile publicly claimed victory before the commission could announce results. CCMG's sample-based verification, the same exercise that concluded votes had been added in 30 constituencies, estimated Hichilema at 56.0 per cent plus or minus 1.7 and stated that he received the most presidential votes and more than the 50 per cent threshold, and that the variances it identified do not alter the overall outcome of the presidential election. No count supporting the claim of an opposition win has been published.
Sources:1 2
Result falsificationAlleged
The specific irregularities alleged by the runner-up have never been tested by any tribunal.
More detail
Human Rights Watch records that after the declaration Mundubile alleged 'inconsistencies and circumstances surrounding the conduct, counting, transmission, and declaration of results' and said he would challenge the results in court. Because the courts were closed on the final day of the Article 103 window and the Secretary to the Cabinet stated that the period expired without the judiciary receiving any petition, no body with the power to compel evidence has examined those allegations, and the corpus records them as allegations only.
Sources:1 2 3