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Database last updated September 6, 2026

Election spotlight

2024

South AfricaParliamentaryHeld

South Africa 2024 General Election

South Africa's seventh democratic general election was held on 29 May 2024 and declared by the Electoral Commission on 2 June. The African National Congress remained the largest party on 40.18% and 159 of 400 National Assembly seats but lost the majority it had held since 1994, and the new uMkhonto weSizwe party took 14.58% and 58 seats. The disputes over the outcome were pursued through the courts: the Constitutional Court disqualified Jacob Zuma from standing nine days before the vote, the Electoral Commission published its own account of the two technical failures that occurred during the poll and the count, and of the five applications brought against the election one was withdrawn, three were dismissed and one is still before the Electoral Court with judgment reserved. A coalition government was formed and a president elected within the constitutional deadline.

Process violationsInformation operations

5 established · 4 not established

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Five categories, never conflated

The difference between these is the whole point. An attacked election is not the same as a falsified one.

Result falsification

The recorded numbers do not reflect the votes cast.

Process violations

Unequal media access, repression, illegal financing, vote buying, misuse of state resources.

Foreign interference

Cyberattacks, hack-and-leak, covert foreign financing, impersonation of media or institutions by a foreign state or proxy.

Information operations

Troll farms, fake local-media networks, covert political ads, coordinated inauthentic amplification — foreign or domestic.

Statistical anomalies

Patterns in the data worth examining — explicitly not proof of fraud.

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From the case files

What was proven — and what was not

The clearest test of a trustworthy record is whether it can hold both statements at once.

Romania 2025 Repeat Presidential Election

What is established

Information operationsConfirmed
ODIHR documented widespread use of inauthentic online behaviour by candidates and a fragmented regulatory response during the repeat campaign. It also recorded disinformation narratives that state authorities assessed as originating outside Romania; ODIHR reported that assessment rather than making its own attribution.
Sources:1
Process violationsConfirmed
ODIHR found that candidate-eligibility requirements based on court rulings rather than clear legal provisions detracted from the inclusivity of candidate registration.
Sources:1

What is not established

Foreign interferenceContested
George Simion's challenge alleging foreign interference and disinformation sufficient to annul the runoff was unanimously dismissed as unfounded by the Constitutional Court, which validated the result. The dismissal establishes that the annulment challenge failed, not that no interference occurred — a distinction the sibling 2024 record also preserves.
Sources:1 2
Result falsificationDebunked
The Central Electoral Bureau published polling-station-level results and the Constitutional Court validated the winner. The cited record does not establish altered ballots or vote totals.
Sources:1 2