The truth about elections, held to a single standard.

Next up

Five categories, never conflated

The recorded numbers do not reflect the votes cast.

Unequal media access, repression, illegal financing, vote buying, misuse of state resources.

Cyberattacks, hack-and-leak, covert foreign financing, impersonation of media or institutions by a foreign state or proxy.

Troll farms, fake local-media networks, covert political ads, coordinated inauthentic amplification — foreign or domestic.

Patterns in the data worth examining — explicitly not proof of fraud.

A finding sits in exactly one category. Colors and icons carry the same meaning everywhere on the site.

From the case files

The clearest test of a trustworthy record is whether it can hold both statements at once.

Foreign interferenceConfirmed
The Hogue Commission concluded that the 2021 election was, without a doubt, subject to foreign interference.
Sources:1
Information operationsCorroborated
RRM Canada documented coordinated false narratives targeting the Conservative Party, Erin O'Toole and Kenny Chiu across WeChat, Douyin and Chinese-language media, with links to the PRC information environment.
Sources:1 2

Foreign interferenceContested
RRM Canada found no clear evidence that the PRC government directed the coordinated WeChat campaign and assessed a PRC influence operation only with low-to-moderate confidence.
Sources:1
Foreign interferenceContested
The Commission found that foreign interference may have affected a small number of ridings, but it could not determine with certainty that it did so.
Sources:1

Method