Academy
Threats
The distinct ways an election can be attacked or faked — and why lumping them together under one word destroys your ability to describe any of them.
2 articles19 min
The five things people mean by "election fraud"
"Fraud" is used for at least five completely different problems, only one of which changes the count. A guide to telling them apart — and what evidence each one needs.
How foreign election interference works
The small toolkit a foreign state uses to shape another country's vote — hacking, leaks, information operations, covert money, and impersonation — and why it rarely touches the count.
Frequently asked questions
Does foreign interference mean an election result was changed?
No. Interference in the environment around a campaign — hacking, leaks, covert ads — is a different question from whether the recorded vote count was altered. Both can be documented independently, and a serious record keeps them strictly apart.
What are the different types of election fraud?
"Fraud" collapses several distinct things: result falsification (fake counts), process violations (an unfair contest), foreign interference, information operations, and statistical anomalies. Only the first directly changes recorded totals; the others describe very different problems that need very different evidence.