Academy
Threats
The distinct ways an election can be attacked or faked — and why lumping them together under one word destroys your ability to describe any of them.
The five things people mean by "election fraud"
"Fraud" is used for at least five completely different problems, only one of which changes the count. A guide to telling them apart — and what evidence each one needs.
How foreign election interference works
The small toolkit a foreign state uses to shape another country's vote — hacking, leaks, information operations, covert money, and impersonation — and why it rarely touches the count.
Frequently asked questions
Does foreign interference mean an election result was changed?
No. Interference in the environment around a campaign — hacking, leaks, covert ads — is a different question from whether the recorded vote count was altered. Both can be documented independently, and a serious record keeps them strictly apart.
What are the different types of election fraud?
"Fraud" collapses several distinct things: result falsification (fake counts), process violations (an unfair contest), foreign interference, information operations, and statistical anomalies. Only the first directly changes recorded totals; the others describe very different problems that need very different evidence.