Official report
Canada Foreign Interference Commission final report, volume 1
Public Inquiry into Foreign Interference in Federal Electoral Processes and Democratic Institutions · January 28, 2025
Commissioner Marie-Josée Hogue concluded that foreign interference occurred in the 2019 and 2021 elections but did not undermine the electoral system or determine which party formed government. The Liberal Party would have formed government in both cases without the interference. A small number of riding results may have been affected, but that could not be established with certainty.
IssuerPublic Inquiry into Foreign Interference in Federal Electoral Processes and Democratic Institutions
JurisdictionCanada
LanguageEN
RetrievedJuly 26, 2026
OriginalArchive pending
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