投票权概况

Philippines

Asia · ph

The president and vice president are elected separately, each by simple plurality in a single nationwide constituency for one six-year term with no run-off and no re-election. Congress is bicameral: 24 senators elected at large by block vote for six-year terms with half renewed every three years, and a House of Representatives combining single-member district seats with party-list seats reserved for sectoral representation.

概况最后审阅于 August 29, 2026

Almost every elective office in the Philippines, national and local, is filled on the same day, the second Monday of May, which makes each general election one of the largest single-day exercises in Asia: 106,174 clustered precincts and over 67 million registrants in 2022. Voters mark a paper ballot by hand and feed it into a vote-counting machine that prints a receipt and transmits the precinct's election return, a system in use since 2010 under the automated election law. The Commission on Elections is a constitutional body independent of the executive, but the presidential and vice-presidential results are canvassed and proclaimed not by COMELEC but by Congress sitting as the National Board of Canvassers. An unusually strong tradition of citizen observation sits alongside the official machinery: PPCRV, NAMFREL and LENTE are accredited citizens' arms that run their own parallel counts and audits, and their findings are routinely the reference point when a result is disputed. The persistent weaknesses observers name are not in the count but around it, above all vote buying, thin ballot privacy and the dominance of political dynasties.

当前投票方式

投票年龄: 18及以上
选民登记: 选民发起
强制投票: 否
邮寄投票: 受限
在线投票: 不可用
境外投票: 向所有人提供

Registration is active, not automatic: a citizen must file an application in person at the local COMELEC office, where a photograph, fingerprints and signature are captured, and an Election Registration Board, which ANFREL records as meeting once every trimester, approves it. Registration closes 120 days before a regular election. For the 2022 elections registration ran from 6 July 2020, was suspended in July and August 2020 and then halted in areas under pandemic quarantine, and was extended by a month to 31 October 2021 after complaints about queues and pressure from both houses of Congress. Postal voting exists only for registered overseas Filipinos, and even there it is not uniform: voting was manual in 36 countries and automated in 26, some posts ran in-person voting, some postal voting and some both, and the switch to postal voting in Taiwan in 2022 drew complaints from voters who wanted to cast their ballots in person.

选举权如何变化

每条记录都记载了谁可以投票，或如何投票的变化，包括扩大、限制以及程序性改革。

1935改革
The Commonwealth Constitution confined the vote to male citizens aged 21 and over who could read and write, with one year's residence in the country and six months in the municipality, and made any extension to women conditional on at least 300,000 qualified women voting for it in a plebiscite within two years.
1935 Constitution of the Philippines, Article V (Suffrage)
1937扩大
Women won the franchise at the plebiscite of 30 April 1937, held under Commonwealth Act No. 34 and open only to women aged 21 and over: 447,725 voted yes and 44,307 no, clearing the threshold of 300,000 affirmative votes set by Article V of the 1935 Constitution.
Manuel L. Quezon and the Filipino women's suffrage movement of 1937
1972限制
Proclamation No. 1081 of 21 September 1972 placed the entire Philippines under martial law, commanded obedience to “all the laws and decrees, orders and regulations promulgated by me personally or upon my direction”, and ordered that those detained for insurrection, rebellion and a list of other offences be held “until otherwise ordered released by me or by my duly designated representative”. The legislative elections due in 1973 were not held.
Proclamation No. 1081, s. 1972
1973扩大
The 1973 Constitution, adopted under martial law, lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 and barred any literacy, property or other substantive requirement on the exercise of suffrage.
1973 Constitution of the Philippines, Article VI (Suffrage)
1987扩大
The post-Marcos Constitution kept universal suffrage at 18 with no literacy or property test, and instructed Congress to legislate both for the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot and for a system of absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.
1987 Constitution of the Philippines, Article V (Suffrage)
1996改革
The Voter's Registration Act replaced periodic general registrations with a permanent list kept by continuing registration, requiring each voter to apply in person at the local election office and closing registration 120 days before a regular election.
Republic Act No. 8189, The Voter's Registration Act of 1996
2003扩大
The Overseas Absentee Voting Act, approved on 13 February 2003, gave qualified Filipinos abroad a system for voting in national elections, delivering the absentee ballot the 1987 Constitution had promised.
Republic Act No. 9189, The Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003
2007改革
The election automation law of 23 January 2007 required any automated system to produce a voter-verified paper audit trail, mandated a random manual audit in one precinct per congressional district in each province and city, and opened the source code to review by political parties with a copy held in escrow at the central bank.
Republic Act No. 9369, amending the election automation law

计票保障措施

选票类型: 带纸质记录的电子投票
选后审计: 强制重新计票
选举管理: 独立委员会
国内观察员: 是
国际观察员: 是

A declared result can be checked three ways. The voter marks a paper ballot, which is retained, and the vote-counting machine prints a receipt the voter can inspect; the machine also prints election returns before transmitting, so printed and transmitted returns can be compared. The automation law requires a random manual audit of one precinct per congressional district, run in 2022 by the accredited citizens' arm LENTE. And a transparency server carries the returns to media and observer groups in parallel with the official canvass, which is what allows PPCRV to run a nationwide parallel count. The limits are equally real: COMELEC restricted observer access to ballot printing and SD card configuration in 2022, and did not grant NAMFREL's requests for independent verification of the system hash codes or for the carriers' transmission logs.

值得了解

PPCRV, a church-based volunteer network, deployed some 500,000 volunteers on 9 May 2022, covering almost every one of the country's 106,174 clustered precincts.2022 Philippine National and Local Elections: A Vibrant Democracy amid Systemic Challenges (ANFREL International Election Observation Mission Report)
NAMFREL has been an accredited citizens' arm of COMELEC since 1983, and its parallel counts in the 1984 and 1986 elections helped expose the fraud that contributed to the fall of the Marcos government.2022 Philippine National and Local Elections: A Vibrant Democracy amid Systemic Challenges (ANFREL International Election Observation Mission Report)
Turnout abroad bears almost no resemblance to turnout at home: in 2022 over 83% of domestic registrants voted, against 34.88% of the roughly 1.68 million registered overseas voters, who had a month-long voting window from 10 April to 9 May.2022 Philippine National and Local Elections: A Vibrant Democracy amid Systemic Challenges (ANFREL International Election Observation Mission Report)
The 1987 Constitution directs the state to prohibit political dynasties, but the enabling law was never passed and the Supreme Court dismissed petitions in 2013 on the ground that the provision is not self-executing. ANFREL, citing research by Rappler, reports that after the 2022 elections 14 of 24 Senate seats, 162 of 316 House seats and 60 of 81 provincial governorships were held by political dynasties.2022 Philippine National and Local Elections: A Vibrant Democracy amid Systemic Challenges (ANFREL International Election Observation Mission Report)